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Because of this, classic proper orthogonal decomposition fails to identify both structures properly. Spectral proper orthogonal decomposition, on the other hand, allows them to be identified accurately when the filter size is set at around eight times the precession period. The precession frequencies of the single and double helices correspond to Strouhal numbers of 0.273 and $0.536\pm 0.005$ , respectively.

A global stability analysis of the mean flow field shows that these structures correspond to two separate global modes. The precessing frequencies obtained by the stability analysis and the related spatial structures match very well with the experimental observations. The current work extends our knowledge on turbulent vortex breakdown and on mean field global stability theory in general. Firstly, single- and double-helix vortex breakdown are both manifestations of global modes. Previous studies have shown that both $m=1$ and $m=2$ modes can coexist in swirling jets. However, the $m=2$ mode has been identified as a second harmonic of the first mode, while this study identifies both as two independent global modes. Secondly, this work shows that the simultaneous occurrence of multiple helical global modes is possible within a turbulent flow and their shapes and frequencies are very well predicted by mean field stability analysis. The latter finding is of general interest as it applies to a wide class of fluid problems dominated by multiple oscillatory structures.

Remove contaminated clothing and wash clothing before use.

Keep out of reach of children and pets, First Aid If In Eyes: Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with water for 15-20 minutes, Remove contact lenses; if present, after the first 5 minutes then continue rinsing eye. Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment advice.